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The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān (IEQ) draws on a wide range of traditional Muslim sources, including exegeses, Hadith collections and commentaries, classical lexicons, biographical dictionaries, universal histories, works of jurisprudence, Prophetic biographies, and treatises on spiritual and moral psychology—some of which have never before been presented in any encyclopedic work on the Qur'an. Based on primary sources and held to a high standard of academic rigor, IEQ integrates source material at several levels: its conceptual structure presents an integrated view of the overall message of the Qurʾān; it incorporates and integrates various strands of Islamic scholarly tradition and presents a cohesive, cross-referenced text.